Resources and Development
Resource :- everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, and technically accessible economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as resources.
• human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate economic development.
Resources can be classified on the basis of
1. Origin
2. Exhaustibility
3. Ownership
4. Status of development
1. On the basis of origin resources are of two types :-
(a) biotic resources :- these are obtained from biosphere and have life.
Example :- human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc
(b) abiotic resources :- all those things which are composed of non living things are called abiotic resources.
Example :- rocks, metals and minerals etc
2. on the basis of exhaustibility resources are of two type
(a) renewable resources :- the resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical and mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources.
Example :- solar energy, wind energy, water, forest and wildlife etc.
• renewable resources are further divided into continuous or flow resources and biological resources
Continuous or flow resources :- the renewable resources which are always exist and renewed in very short intervals of time.
Example :- wind, water etc.
Biological resources :- those renewable resources which are related to natural vegetation are known as biological resources.
Example :- forest, wildlife etc.
Biological resource is further divided into
1. Natural vegetation :- those renewable resources which have flora and vegetation are known as natural vegetation.
Example :- forest
2. Wildlife :- those renewable resources which have fauna and wildlife are known as wildlife resource.
Example :- wildlife
(b) non renewable resources :- those resources which cannot be renewed or reproduced by any process are known as non renewable resources.
Example :- minerals and fossil fuels
• These occur over a very long geological time. These resources take millions of years in their formation.
Non renewable resources are further divided into
Recyclable :- some of the resources are able to recycle, these resources are called recyclable.
Example :- metals
Non-recyclable :- some of the resources cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use are called non-recyclable.
Example :- fossil fuels
3. On the basis of ownership resources are divided into
(a) individual resources :- these resources are owned privately by individual.
• Plantation, pasturelands, pounds, water in wells etc are some examples of resource ownership by individual.
(b) community owned resources :- these are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community.
Example :- village commons (grazing grounds, burial ground, village ponds etc) public parks, picnic spots, playground, etc.
(c) National resources :- these resources are belong to the nation and government have authorities on these resources, are known as National resources.
• technically, all the resources belongs to the nation. the country have legal power to acquire even private property for public good.
•roads, canals, railways being constructed on fields owned by some individuals.
•all the minerals, water resources, forest, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic areas upto 12 nautical miles(19.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water belong to the nation.
(d) international resources :-
• there are international institutions which regulate some resources and these resources are known as international resources.
Example :- the oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the exclusive economic zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these resources without the concurrence of international institution.
4. On the basis of the status of development, resources are divided into
(a) potential resources :-
Resources which are exist but not have utilised.
Example :- Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy.
(b) developed resources :- the resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation.
• the development of resources depend on technology and level of their feasibility.
(c) stock :- these resources are exist in our environment but in lack of appropriate technology these are not utilised.
Example :- Making hydrogen and oxygen from water.
(d) reserves :- they are those resources for whose utilisation man has the technical know-how but has not started using them.
Example :- use of river water for generating electricity.
» Resources are free gift of nature as a result, human beings used them indiscriminately and this led to the major problems.
1. Depletion of resources
2. Accumulation of resources in few hands this create a difference in society have and have not or rich and poor.
3. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources which leads to global imbalance.
» The equal distribution of resources is essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace because if resources are depleted by a few individuals and few countries then it create global imbalance.
» Therefore, resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life. Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable development.
Sustainable development :-
sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation
Rio de Janeiro Earth summit, June (1992)
• first international Earth summit held in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.
• reason :- urgent problems of environmental protection and socio economic development at global level.
• conclusion of Earth summit :-
1. Global climatic change
2. Biological diversity
3. Agenda 21
Agenda 21 :-
• This declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations conference on environment and development (UNCED) or Earth summit.
• it is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation common interest mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
• agenda 21 is regulated at every local level government.
Resource planning :-
• planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resource.
• resource planning for balance resource planning is very necessary for a vast country because of different geographical structure. It is not possible to meet the need of requirements (resources) to all parts of a vast country.
• Jharkhand Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposit.
• Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water but lacks in infrastructure development.
• Rajasthan have resources like solar and wind but deprived from water resource.
• the cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country but have rich cultural heritage and also deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital mineral.
Resource planning :-
Resource planning involves three steps -
1. Identification
2. Planning structure
3. Matching to overall development
Identification :-
Identification and inventory involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of resources.
Planning structure :-
extracting resources with appropriate technology, skill and institutional setup for implementing resource development plans.
Matching to overall development :-
Matching the resource development plans with overall National Development plans.
Relation between colonization and resources :-
• The history of colonisation reveals that rich resources in colonies play the main attraction for the foreign invaders.
Example :- India under British colonization and several other.
Conservation of resources :-
Reason for conservation - irrational consumption and over utilisation of resources may lead to socio economic and environmental problems.
"There is enough for everybody's is need and not for everybody's is greed"
- Mahatma Gandhi
• Replace the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level.
• he was against mass production and want to replace it with the production by the masses.
Land resource :-
• Land is a natural resources and supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life etc.
• land is an asset of a finite magnitude so we should use available land with careful planning.
Percentage of land for relief features :-
• Plain = 43%
• mountains = 30%
• plateau = 27%
Land utilisation :-
Land resources are used for the following
purposes:
1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g.
buildings, roads, factories, etc.
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding
fallow land)
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops
groves (not included in net sown area),
(c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated
for more than 5 agricultural years).
4. Fallow lands
(a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for
one or less than one agricultural year),
(b) Other than current fallow-(left
uncultivated for the past 1 to 5
agricultural years).
5. Net sown area
Area sown more than once in an
agricultural year plus net sown area is
known as gross cropped area.
Land use pattern in India :-
• Forest area is lower than 33%.
National forest policy 1952 outlined that 33% of land area is necessary for maintenance of the ecological balance.
Land degradation and conservation :-
Reason for degradation - continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it has resulted in land degradation.
• At present, there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India.
• 28% of it belongs to forest degraded area.
• 56% of it belongs to water eroded area.
• raised is affected by saline and alkaline deposit.
Activities which increase land degradation :-
1. Deforestation
2. Overgrazing
3. Mining and quarrying
4. Over irrigation
5. Industrial effluents
• Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha are the states where deforestation, owing to mining activities has resulted in the degradation of land.
• Gujarat Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, overgrazing is the main reason of land degradation in these States.
• Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
Activities to conserve land from degradation.
1. Afforestation
2. Proper management of grazing
3. Planting of shelterbelts by growing thorny bushes.
4. Management of wasteland
5. Control of mining activities
6. Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents.
Soil resource :-
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