Introduction
All living and nonliving component by which we are surrounded and depend for
our necessity is known as environment.
Why do we need to study about this chapter
➜ Our environment plays a crucial role in our life if we live in polluted
environment then we suffer with health disorder.
➜ This chapter we need to study about our environment problems regarding to environment and then solution of these problems.
➜ This chapter we need to study about our environment problems regarding to environment and then solution of these problems.
In June 1992 more than hundred heads of a state meet in Rio de janerio in
Brazil for first international Earth summit. This summit was convened for
addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic
development at the global level.
Ecosystem
All the interacting organism in an area together with the non living
constituents of the environment form an ecosystem.
Type of ecosystem
➜ Natural ecosystem:-the ecosystem which is formed naturally.
Example:- forest, grassland, terrestrial, aquatic, pounds, lakes etc.
➜ Artificial ecosystem:- the ecosystem which are created by humans for their
needs
Example crop-field, garden and aquarium.
Component of ecosystem
➜ Biotic component :- all the living component present in the ecosystem are
known as biotic component
example plant animal and microorganism.
➜ Abiotic component:- all the non living component present in the ecosystem is
known as the abiotic component
Example soil water air light and temperature etc.
Some important terms which we need in the next topic that is representation of ecosystem
➤ Organism can be grouped as producer consumer and decomposer according to the
manner in which they obtain their sustenance from the environment.
➤ All green plants and certain bacteria which can produce food by
photosynthesis come under this category and are called the producer.
➤ The organism which consume the food produced either directly from producer
or indirectly by feeding on other consumers are consumer.
➤ Consumer can be classed variously as herbivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous
Food chain
It is the sequence of living organism in which one organism consumes another organism for energy.
➤ It is unidirectional ( single directional)
➤ Each a step or level of the food chain form a trophic level.
➤ First trophic level is producer
➤ Second trophic level for primary consumer is herbivores
➤ Third traffic level or second consumer is a small carnivorous.
➤ Fourth trophic level or tertiary consumer is large carnivorous.
10 percente law :- There is only 10% flow of energy from one trophic level to the next higher level due to this energy loss. Only four or five trophic level are present in each chain it is known as 10% law.
Grass ➜ Grasshopper ➜ Frogs ➜ Snakes
(5000 J) (500 J) (50 J) (5 J)
Significance of food chain
➤ It helps in understanding the food relationship and interconnection among various organism in an ecosystem.
➤ It helps in the following the basic mechanism of transfer of food energy and nutrition through various components of nature.
➤ It helps to understand the movement of toxic substance in an ecosystem and the problem of their biological magnification.
Insignificant reason of food chain
➤ As it moves progressively through the various trophic level it is no longer available to the previous level.
➤ The energy available at each trophic level gets diminished progressively due to loss of energy at each level.
Food web :- The length and complexity of food chain vary greatly. each organism is generally eaten by two or more other kinds of organism which in turn are eaten by several other organisms so instead of a straight line food chain the relationship can be sold as a series of branching lines called a food chain.
Biological magnification :- The concentration of harmful chemical increases with every next traphic level in a food chain is known as biological magnification.
➜ Human occupied the top level in the food chain
➜ The maximum concentration of these chemicals get accumulated in our bodies.
Waste
Waste are the substance which are formed after any activities done by human.
Type of waste
Biodegradable waste
The waste which are formed through the remaining of organic material and which can be decomposed by decomposers are known as biodegradable waste.
Example :- fruit, leaves, dead, animals, and kitchen waste.
Non biodegradable waste
The waste which are formed through the remaining of inorganic materials and which cannot be decomposed by the decomposers are known as non biodegradable waste.
Examples :- plastic etc.
How non biodegradable substances affect
➤ These are poisonous substance that either do not degrade or degrade very slowly in nature
➤ They affect environment they may enter the food chain and so biological magnification
➤ They contaminate water and soil resources as they cannot be decomposed by microorganisms
➤ The non biodegradable waste have long lasting effect and cause environmental problem that affect much.
➤ Pollution
➤ Problem of waste decompable
➤ Ozone layer depletion
Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen.
Due to ozone layer depletion the ultraviolet rays reaches the earth and causes certain ill effects which are harmful to us and crops. exposure to ultraviolet rays can lead to greater incidence of skin cancer, cataracts and damages the eye and immune deficiency.
Four appliances which releases chlorofluorocarbons
➤ Aerosol spray
➤ air conditioner
➤ refrigerator
➤ coolant
Waste management
Waste management is a process in which we use certain type of things which help to reduce waste material.
➤ Land fills
➤ recycling
➤ sewage treatment
➤ incineration
➤ use of disposable
➤ paper cups
Some eco friendly activities
➤ Gardening and planting trees.
➤ Use of gunny bag /paper bags in place of polythene bags.
➤ Use of compost and vermi-compost in place of fertilizers.
➤ Separation of biodegradable and non biodegradable substance.
➤ Fostering compassion Sun and repeat to all living beings and environment by educating youth.
By :- Kumari_Anshu_jr
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